In this 16-week course, the physical therapist assistant (PTA) student receives instruction in the application of therapeutic modalities to address various physical rehabilitation goals. Students learn the physiology of pain and its influence on patient function. Students are educated in the indications, contraindications, use, and application of the following modalities: superficial heat/paraffin, cryotherapy, ultrasound, phonophoresis, intermittent compression, mechanical traction, electrical current/iontophoresis, biofeedback, LASER, hydrotherapy, and therapeutic massage.